挖掘机配件常见的四大故障以及解决方法
Four Common Faults of Excavator Parts and Their Solutions
一、发动机故障
故障现象：发动机启动困难，甚至无法启动；工作过程中出现动力不足、冒黑烟等情况。
原因分析：可能是燃油系统堵塞，喷油嘴雾化不良；空气滤清器堵塞，导致进气不足；火花塞故障或点火时间不准确；发动机机械部件磨损严重等。
解决方法：清洁燃油系统，更换喷油嘴；清理或更换空气滤清器；检查火花塞，调整点火时间；对发动机进行拆解检修，更换磨损的机械部件。
I. Engine Faults
Fault Phenomena: Difficult or even impossible to start the engine; insufficient power and black smoke during operation.
Cause Analysis: It may be due to a blocked fuel system, poor atomization of the injector; a blocked air filter, resulting in insufficient air intake; spark plug failure or inaccurate ignition timing; serious wear of engine mechanical parts, etc.
Solutions: Clean the fuel system and replace the injector; clean or replace the air filter; check the spark plug and adjust the ignition timing; disassemble and overhaul the engine and replace the worn mechanical parts.
二、液压系统故障
故障现象：挖掘机动作缓慢、无力；液压系统油温过高；出现漏油现象。
原因分析：液压泵磨损，导致输出流量不足；液压阀故障，无法正常调节压力和流量；液压缸密封件损坏，造成内泄或外泄；液压油污染或油量不足。
解决方法：更换磨损的液压泵；维修或更换故障的液压阀；更换液压缸密封件；更换或补充液压油，并定期进行过滤和检测。
II. Hydraulic System Faults
Fault Phenomena: Slow and weak actions of the excavator; high oil temperature in the hydraulic system; oil leakage.
Cause Analysis: Wear of the hydraulic pump, resulting in insufficient output flow; hydraulic valve failure, unable to adjust pressure and flow normally; damage to the seals of the hydraulic cylinder, causing internal or external leakage; hydraulic oil contamination or insufficient oil volume.
Solutions: Replace the worn hydraulic pump; repair or replace the faulty hydraulic valve; replace the seals of the hydraulic cylinder; replace or replenish the hydraulic oil and regularly filter and test it.
三、行走系统故障
故障现象：挖掘机行走跑偏；行走时出现异常噪音；履带松动或脱落。
原因分析：行走马达故障，两侧输出扭矩不一致；支重轮、托链轮等磨损严重；履带张紧度不合适；驱动轮齿面磨损或损坏。
解决方法：维修或更换行走马达；更换磨损的支重轮、托链轮等；调整履带张紧度；修复或更换驱动轮。
III. Travel System Faults
Fault Phenomena: The excavator walks off - track; abnormal noise occurs during walking; the track is loose or falls off.
Cause Analysis: Failure of the travel motor, inconsistent output torque on both sides; serious wear of carrier wheels, idler wheels, etc.; improper track tension; wear or damage of the tooth surface of the drive sprocket.
Solutions: Repair or replace the travel motor; replace the worn carrier wheels, idler wheels, etc.; adjust the track tension; repair or replace the drive sprocket.
四、电气系统故障
故障现象：挖掘机启动时无反应；灯光不亮或闪烁；仪表盘显示异常。
原因分析：蓄电池电量不足或损坏；线路短路或断路；传感器故障；控制器故障。
解决方法：充电或更换蓄电池；检查线路，修复短路或断路处；更换故障传感器；维修或更换控制器。
IV. Electrical System Faults
Fault Phenomena: No response when starting the excavator; lights are not on or flickering; abnormal display on the instrument panel.
Cause Analysis: Insufficient battery power or battery damage; short - circuit or open - circuit in the line; sensor failure; controller failure.
Solutions: Charge or replace the battery; check the line and repair the short - circuit or open - circuit; replace the faulty sensor; repair or replace the controller.
